The Philippine History

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CHAPTER 8
FILIPINO SERVICES TO SPAIN

Why Did the Filipinos Serve Spain
The Filipinos served Spain instead of serving their own countrymen because of three reasons:

The Filipinos were not united. They did not think of themselves as one nation. So the Spaniards divided and conquered them. Spain played one tribe against the another. For example, the Visayans were used to put down a revolt in the Tagalog region. The Christian Filipinos were used to fight against the Filipinos were used to fight against the Filipino Muslims (Moros) and the pagan minorities.
The Filipinos were converted to the Roman Catholic religion. So Filipinos were laugh to be loyal to the Spanish officials and priests who converted them and who defended that religion. The Filipinos fought on the side of Catholic Spain against the Muslims and the Protestant Dutch and British.
The Filipinos were offered rewards and honors by the Spanish rulers. The Spanish flattered and took care of the royal Filipinos. But they punished and killed the Filipinos who disobeyed or revolted. Loyal Filipinos were given positions in the local government as "gobernadorcillos" (little governor) and "cabeza de barangay" (barangay chiefs). Master-of -Camp Francisco Laksamana received the highest military honor.

How Did Filipinos Serve Spain

The Filipino services to Spain during the Spanish era included the following:

Filipinos provided food for the Spaniards
Filipinos worked in industries owned by the Spaniards
Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against Portugal
Filipinos joined the military expeditions to Borneo and the Moluccas
Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against the Dutch and British
Filipinos joined the expedition to Indochina
Filipinos joined the expedition to Taiwan
Filipinos helped to colonize the Marianas, Palaus, and Caroline islands
Filipinos helped put down the Chinese revolts and to stop the invasion of Lim-Ah-Hong
Christian Filipinos fought with Spain against the Filipino Muslims (Moro)

Filipino as Farmers

Filipinos became the real farmers even in the farms owned by the Spaniards and other foreigners
This was because the Spaniards did nit like manual work. They thought that it was shameful to be seen working in dirty jobs like digging, farming, cleaning, or carrying heavy loads
So the Filipinos tilled the land and raised foodstuffs and livestock
All the Spaniards – officials, priests, soldiers, and civilians – would have died of starvation if the Filipinos had not provided them with food.

Filipinos in Industries

Filipinos became good builders of ships for the Spaniards
They constructed many galleons used in the Manila-Acapulco trade, and numerous galleys and frigates used by the Spaniards to fight their enemies

Filipinos the Portuguese Wars

1568-70 Portuguese attacked the early Spanish settlements in Cebu
Raha Tupas and his Cebuano warriors remained loyal to Legaspi and fought on the side of Spain in these attacks.

Filipinos in the Expedition to Borneo and the Moluccas

1578 – Filipinos helped the Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Sri Lela (Sirela), to regain his throne.
With a powerful expedition of 1,500 Filipinos, 400 Spaniards, 300 Bornean warriors, they sailed to the island of Borneo, fought and recaptured the city of Brunei and regained the usurped throne

The military expeditions to the Moluccas were not as successful. At first, the expeditions were sent to try to capture the rich Moluccas (Spice Islands) from the Portuguese

Later, they were sent to capture it against the Dutch, who had taken over the Moluccas colony (17^th century)

These numbers show that thousands of Filipinos fought in these military wars to colonize the Moluccas unsuccessfully:

(no. ships)

Filipinos in the Dutch Wars

The Dutch wanted to make us a colony by defeating the Spaniards
The British became their allies, and both the British and Dutch ships blockaded Manila from (1621-22)
They harassed the people in coastal areas.
Finally, they tried to win the friendships of the Filipinos
But the Filipinos remained loyal to Spain and Catholicism against the Protestant Dutch and British

The results of the Dutch Wars were as follows:

Victory of the Spaniards against the Dutch. The Philippines remained a colony of Spain because the Filipinos helped the Spaniards against the Dutch invaders
The Filipinos suffered tremendously. The Filipino population declined during the Dutch Wars because many Filipinos were killed or ran to the hills
The Philippine economy stagnated. Trade with Mexico, China and other countries was paralyzed. Filipinos left farms and industries to fight in the wars or to hide from them. The Filipinos paid the price of these costly wars.

Filipinos in Indochina

In 1858-63, about 1,500 Filipino soldiers were sent by Spain to help its ally, France, to conquer the Vietnamese.

Filipinos in Taiwan

1626-1642, Spaniards tried to colonize Taiwan (Formosa), Filipinos took part in these expeditions
They manned two Spanish settlements and surrendered these garrisons on August 24, 1624.
The Dutch took over the island of Taiwan (Formosa)

Filipinos in the Marianas, Palaus, and Carolines

The Marianas, Palaus, and Carolines are islands archipelagoes in the Pacific Ocean near Mindanao that were ruled by the Spanish governor in Manila and the Spanish bishop of Cebu.
The Filipinos helped the Spaniards to make these islands a colony and a Catholic area.
Filipinos went to Guam to settle down permanently in that island.

Filipinos Against the Chinese

Chinese were excellent artists and tradesmen
They were important in the economy of the country
Chinese revolted five times during the Spanish era – 1603, 1639, 1667, 1686, and 1762
They were treated badly by the Spanish rulers
Abuses to the Chinese:

the Chinese were forced to pay heavy taxes;
all Chinese were forced to lived in the Parian (Chinatown) outside the city walls;
the Chinese were ordered to cut off their queues (long hair);
many Chinese were deported to reduce their population; and
The Chinese were massacred every time they revolted.

The greatest Filipino hero of the Chinese revolts was Francisco Laksamana, commander of the Pampangueno troops in the Spanish army
He defeated the Chinese rebels in the hills of Antipolo in June 1662 and saved the city of Manila

Filipinos and the Moro Wars

Moro – in Spanish term means “Muslim”
The Filipino Moros in Mindanao and Sulu were not conquered by Spain
Christian Filipino heroes were:

Juan Aquino
Nicolas Martinez
Cirilo Maypit and
Geronimo Sundulin

Filipino Muslims who defended Islam and Moro independence were:

Sultan Kudarat, the greatest warrior of Mindanao, who defended Lamitan against the Spaniards in 1837
Sultan Jamalul Alam, who defended Jolo in 1876 and leased North Borneo (Sabah) to the British in 1878
Datu Utto, who defended Cotabato in 1886-87;
Datu Amai Pakpak, who defended Lanao in 1889-91;
Datu Pian (Amal Mingka), who conquered Cotabato and Tamontaka in 1878-99.

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Chapter 7

OUR COUNTRY AS A COLONY OF SPAIN

Central Government under Spain

They established “one central government” in the Philippines

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CHAPTER 4
"OUR MALAYAN HERITAGE"

Philippine Heritage was enriched by early contacts with the advance civilization of India, China, Japan, and Arabia.

i - FOOD and DRINKS
ii - MODE OF DRESSING
iii - TATTOOS
iv - HOUSE
v - NATURAL COURTESY and POLITENESS
vi - CLEANLINESS and NEATNESS
vii - AMUSEMENTS
viii - MUSIC
ix - MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
x - The WEDDING CEREMONY
xi - GOVERNMENT
xii - LAWS
xiii - RELIGION
xiv -BURIAL and MOURNING CUSTOMS
xv - SUPERSTITIONS
xvi - LANGUAGES
xvii - WRITING
xviii - LITERACY of the EARLY FILIPINOS
xix - LITERATURE
xx - EDUCATION
xxi - ARTS
xxii - SCIENCES
xxiii - WEIGHTS and MEASURES
xxiv - CALENDARS
xxv - COINAGE
xxvi - DOMESTIC and FOREIGN TRADE
xxvii - AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRIES

i - FOOD and DRINKS

staple food of the early Filipinos was rice
aside from rice, their food consisted of carabao meat, pork, chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits and vegetables.
they cooked their food in earthen pots or in bamboo tubes.
they te with their fingers, using banana plants as plates and coconut shells as drinking cups.
made fire to cook their ood by rubbing two piececs of dry wood which when heated, produced a tiny flame.
they stored their drinking water in big earthen jars or in huge clean bamboo tues.
tuba - popular wine which was made from coconut.
other wines being manufactured was basi (an Ilocano wine made from sugarcane); pangasi (Bisayan wine made from fermented rice); lambanog (tagalog wine taken from the coconut palm); and the tapuy (an Igorot wine distilled from rice).

ii - MODE OF DRESSING

Men

wore a collarless, Short-sleeve jacket called kangan and strip cloth, called bahag wrapped around the waist and in between legs.
Kangan – reached slightly below the waist

It was dyed (tining) either in blue or black, except that of the chief which was red.

men use the putong, a piece of cloth wound around the head.
they had jewels, (gold necklaces, gold armlets called kalombigas nad the anklets filled with agates, carnelians and other colored glass).

Women

wore a wide-sleeved jacket called baro.
Their skirt was called patadyong.

it was a piece of cotton cloth which they wrapped about their waists and let fall to their feet.

jewels consisted of gold necklaces, gold bracelets, large gold earrings, and gold rings.

Men and Women went brefoot. nd inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament.

iii - TATTOOS

Tattoos srved 2 puropses:

to enhance their bodily beauty
to show their war record.

the more a men warrior had killed in a battle, the more tattooed he was.
women have less tattooed than men.

iv - HOUSE

Houses were made of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves.

each house had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out.
batalan - this is where jars of water were kept for household purposes.
some of them livced in tree-houses (house uilt on the top of trees) for better protection from enemies
Badjaos - (sea-gypsies) of the Sulu Sea still live in boat-houses, as their forefathers did.

v - NATURAL COURTESY and POLITENESS

early Filipinos were courteous and polite

when two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong (turban) as a sign of courtesy
when a person addressesd his superioir, he took off his putong, put it over his leftr shoulder like a towel, and bowed low,

he addressed his superior with the word 'po', which is equivalent to 'sir'.
he spoke in polite language

when walking, women walks ahead, and the men followed behind.

vi - CLEANLINESS and NEATNESS

Filipinos were clean and neat in their personal habits.
they bathed daily
they washed their hair regularly with gugo and water. They annointed it coconut oil and other lotions
they washed mouth and clean their teeth. they chewed buyo which made their teeth colored but strong.
they kept their homes clean.
Father Francisco Collin said "they keep a vessel full of water at the door of every home, nd every person, whether belonging to the house or not, upon entering, takes water from the vessel nd washes his feet, especially during the rainy season."

vii - AMUSEMENTS

they held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice, and a victory in a war
these banquets were celebrated with much eating drinking, singing, and dancing.
other forms of amusements are: games as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races, and stone-throwing contests.

viii - MUSIC

they had various musical instruments and numerous dances and songs for different occasions.
among their musical instruments were :

kudyapi - tagalog guitar
kalaleng - tinggian nose-flute
kulintang - moro xylophone
tultogan - bisayan bamboo drum
silbay - Ilocano reed flute
surcan - subanum cymbal

folk dances of the early Filipinos were charming.

kumintang - tagalog love dance
mahinhin - tagalog courtship dance
dandansoy - bisayan tuba dance
paujalay - moro wedding dance
tadok - tinggian love dance

their songs expressed all aspects of life - love, war, labor, religion, and death

tagumpay - tagalog song of victory
dallu - Negrito religious song
ayog-ku - igorot serenade song
bactal - tagbanua death song
dallot - ilocano ballad song
kuilay-kuilay - tingian wine song
tudob - agusan harvest song

ix - MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

it is customary for them to marry within their rank
however, there was no strict prohibition against intermarriages between the nobility and the commoner and between the rich and the poor.

Before marriage:

the groom gave a drowry (bigaykaya) to the family of the bride. it consisted of gold, land, slaves, or anything else of value.
the groom had to work in the house of the girl for a certain period of time

they already practiced divorced. The grounds for divorce were:

adultery on the part of the wife
desertion on the part of the husband
loss of affection
cruelty
insanity
childlessness

x - The WEDDING CEREMONY

On the day of the wedding:

wedding ceremony would take place at the groom's house
the friends of the groom went to bride's house to bring her to the home of the groom.
the priestess, joined the hands of the couple over a bowl of uncooked rice and pronounced them man and wife.

xi - GOVERNMENT

barangay - a Hispanized form of the Malayan word balangay, which means "sailboat".

they applied the name barangay to their settlement in honor of the sailboat that brought them to Philippine shores
each barangay consisted of about 100 families.
ruler of barangay was called datu.

he was also known a hari or raja
in time of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and judge
in war, he was the commander of the barangay warriors
he usually obtained his position by inheritance.
his son will inherit the datuship, if the datu dies.
if the datu died childless, the barangay chose a man to be the datu on the basis of his wisdom, physical strength, or wealth.

xii - LAWS

ORAL laws:

customs (ugali) of the race which were handed down orally from generation to generation
Lubluban - a woman, legendry law-giver

the great granddaughter of the first man and woman of the world

WRITTEN laws:

were promulgated by the datus with the help of the elders, and were put into writing
written laws were announced to the people by a barangay crier known as umalahokan.
these laws were put on the barks of trees, wood, leaves or cloth.

Code of Kalantiaw - a well-known code of laws supposedly given by Datu Kalantiaw of Aklan in 1433 is a clever hoax. The hoax was done by Jose E. Marco, an antique collector from Negros Occidental who gave the document to James E. Robertson of the National Library in 1914. It could not be authentic because of its suspicious origin, the strange writig and modern words in the text, and the un-Filipino harshness of its laws (e.g. flogging, exposurer to ants, swimming for hours).

xiii - RELIGION

Ancient Filipinos were pagans. their supreme God was Bathala, creator of heaven, earth, and men.

early Filipinos worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or diwatas (Bisayan)
sacrifices called maganito were offered.
sacrifices was performed by a priest or priestess called katalona or baylana.

They believed in life after death

xiv -BURIAL and MOURNING CUSTOMS

In burying their dead, the corpse was embalmed and was buried amidst deep sorrow ner his home, in cave, or on a headland overlooking the sea.
during the period of mourning, relatives wore rattan bands around their necks, arms, and legs.
they abstained from eating meat and drinking wine.
larao - mourning custom for deceased datu
no colored clothes were worn by the grieving people
all wars and quarrels were suspended
singing in boats returning from the sea was prohibited
all warriors carried their spears with their tips pointed downward and their daggers with hilts reversed.

xv - SUPERSTITIONS

They believed in witches, suc has the asuang who assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any oter animal

mangkukulam - who caused people to die or to be sick by pricking a toy with hisd magic pin
tianak - who sucked the baby's entrails by means of his elongated probosis
tigbalang - who appeared in the form of a dog, a horse, or an old man to deceive his victims

They believed in the magical power of amulets or charms, such as the:

anting-anting - which was believed to make its possessor invulnerable to iron wepons
gayuma - a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman's affection
odom - a Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human eye
uiga - Bisayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet

xvi - LANGUAGES

Early Filipinos had different languages and dialects.

all of them originated from a common linguistic source - the Malayo-Polynesian language, the mother tongue of the Pacific races.

xvii - WRITING

Early Filipinos used sharp pointed iron instrument called sipol as pen.

they wrote on banana leaves, tree-barks, and bamboo tubes
the direction of their writing was from left to right
ancient alphabet consisted of three vowels and 14 consonants

xiii - LITERATURE

ORAL literature -

myths and legends which recounted of the world and the origin of man, woman, and other creatures
songs and poems which chanted the deeds of their gods and heroes
fables, proverbs (sawikain) and riddles (bugtong)

Darangan of the Maranaws and the Ilim and the Hud-hud of the Ifugaos are examples of the existing specimens of ancient oral poetry

WRITTEN literature -

tarsilas - surviving pre-spanish specimen. It is a Muslim genealogies of Mindanao and Sulu.

xix - EDUCATION

they had INFORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

the children studied in their own homes with their parents or with some old men in the baranggays as tutors.
they were taught how to read,write, perform simple arithmetic operation, the use of weapons, lubus (art of acquiring amulets and talismans) and tribal customs
boys - were trained to be warriors, hunters, fisherman, farmers, marinersand craftsmen.
girls - were taught houselhold chores

xx - ARTS

Arts were part of their cultural heritage

Architecture - bahay kubo- style of home

their houses of bamboo, wood , nipa, and palm-leaves which were cool, cozy, and suitable shelters

painting - was shown in their ancient tattoo art.

the used of dagger or knife as brush, black soot and jungle spas as colors, and human body as canvas

sculptors carved statues in wood, clay, gold, and ivory.

statues were called likha (in Tagalog) or landang (Bicol), were made in memory of their anitos or ancestors.
they also made fine carvings on the handles of daggers, krises, bolos, and knives

xxi - SCIENCES

they possessed some knowledge of science.
they knew curative value of medicinal plants and herbs
medical men - had herbs as antidotes for all kinds of poison
medical lore - was associated with religion and magic
they knew astronomy
also engineering - construct forts(kuta)

irrigation ditches and rice terraces

could perform arithmetic operation

Native name for numerals:

isa (one)
puo (ten)
daan (hundred)
libo (thousand)
angao (one million)
kati (ten million)
gahala (one hundred million)

xxii - WEIGHTS and MEASURES

Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures.

weighting things:

talaro - a kind of balance scale.

measures of capacity:

kaban - (25 gantas)
salop - (one ganta)
kaguitna - (one-half ganta)
gatang - (one chupa)

measures of length:

dipa - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the middle finger when extended.
tumuro - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of forefinger when extended
sandamak - the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together
sandali - the width of one finger

xxiii - CALENDARS

early calendars of the Bisayans contained seven days in a week ,and twelve motnhs a year.
each of the 12 months contained 30 days, except the last month which had 26 days or total of 365 days a year.
ifugao calendars

contains 13 months a year, each having 28 dyas
the ifugao have a tribal keeper called tumunoh, 13 strings represening the 13 months of the year.

xxiv - COINAGE

Early Filipinos knew the art of coinage.

several specimens of their ancient coins were found in jars (GUI's) which had been execavated in Bataan and Manila.
coins were:

cone-shaped gold pieces, usually bearing the imprint of the Malayan letter M on their flat bases.

they are called piloncitos by local numismtists, or collectors of coins.

xxv - DOMESTIC and FOREIGN TRADE

Domestic trade was carried on by means of BARTER.

Captain Miguel de Loarca said: "filipinos of the inland region exchanged their rice nd cototn for fish, salt, nd other products raised by the dwellers of coastal district"

the usual method of trading with foriegn merchants was by barter in wich they offered theior own products i exchange for the products of other countries.

Chao Ju-kua (1225) and Wng Tayuan (1349), Chinese writers observed that they were honest in their commercial transaction

xxvi - AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRIES

Farming was the main industry of ancient Filipinos.
two methods of cultivation were used:

kaingin method - in which the land was cleared by setting fire to the shrub s and bushes, after which holes were bored in the ground wit hpointed stickes and seeds were then planted there.
regular means of tillge using wooden plows and harrows drawn by carabaos.

Other industries of early Filipios were fishing, mining, lumbering, weving, mea work, making tools and waepons, manufacturing of wines, rsing of poultry and stock, tanning and shipbuiling.

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CHAPTER 3:
"OUR EARLY ANCESTORS"

I - OUR EARLY ANCESTORS
1.1. The First Filipinos
1.1.1 The Bilical Story
1.1.2 The Theory of Evolution
1.1.3 Growth of the Filipinos
1.1.4 Waves of Migration
1.1.4.1 The Negritos
1.1.4.2 The Indonesians
1.1.4.3 The Malays
1.1.5 Legends and Fairy Tales
1.1.5.1 The Story of Malakas and Maganda
1.1.5.2 The Story of the Brown People

1.1 The First Filipinos

1.1.1 The Bilical Story -

According to the Holy Bible, all men and women originated from the first man (ADAM) and the first woman (EVE).
Noah and his three sons, after the great flood, left to settle the Earth.
Shem, Ham, and Japheth - sons of Noah had sons fter the flood.
Japheth, the youngest, had a son named Javan
Out of Javan, came four sons named Elishah, Tharsis, The Kittim and the Rodanim.
Fr. Francisco Colin, A Jesuit Historian, wrote that the first settlers of our country was Tharsis.

1.1.2 The Theory of Evolution

Archeologists - scientist who study about the past

they study old material relics like bones, jars, pottery and antique jewelry
these relics are found in the sites of old burial plots, homes or villages of people who lived long, long ago.

Theory of Evolutiuon - the belief that man cxame from apelike creturers who lived thousands of years ago in caves and had crude tools.
Evolutionists however believe that the first man in the Philippines lived in Palawan (25.000 yers ago). They first lived in caves at Tabon, Palawan. Thus, they are called "Tabon Man."
They belonged to the Stone Age culture. Wherein, these people only used stone tools and weapons and they don't know yet how to use metal.
According to the evolution theory, the Tabon Man:

hunted wild animals with crude stone wepons.
They used simple stone tools to make clothes or prepare food.
These stone tools were sharp rocks or stones
they did not know how to farm or raise animals
they were short, with bushy eyebrows and lowe forehead.
they lived in a very harsh surroundings
they spent most of the time looking for food

1.1.3 Growth of the Filipinos

Early Filiinos grew in numbers and improve their lifestyle.

they began to cook with fire and to make sharper tools.
many families als olived in Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley.
learned to make axes, seashell ornaments and pottery.
they chewed betel nuts (nganga)
later, they became expert craftsmen, travels and traders.
they made better clothes.
they're like Vikings of the Pacific. The sailed on boats across the Pacific Ocean to nearby islands in Micronesia and Polynesia.

1.1.4 Waves of Migration

1.1.4.1 The Negritos

first people to come to the Philippines
also called Atis or Aetas
they came across land bridges from mainland Asia aout 25,000 years ago.
Philippines then, was connected to Asia by land bridges which later sank below the sea

Characteristics:

very small people, less than 5 feet tall
were called "Negritos" because they had black skin, short kinky hair, thick lips, and black noses.
they wore little clothing
had no government
no writing
no permanent homes
they wandered in the forests and lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants and fruits.
used bow and arrow for hunting.

1.1.4.2 The Indonesians

According to the migration theory, Indonesians were the first immigrats to come by sea to the Philippines, aout 5,000 years ago.

2 types of Indonesians:

tall, with light skin, large forehead, high nose and thin lips
shorter and darker, with large nose, thick lips and heavy jaw.

they were more advance than negritos.
they lived in permanent homes
usesd fires to cook their food
lived by hunting, fishing, and small farming.
they painted their bodies with colorful figures.

1.1.4.3 The Malays

Malays, came after the Idonesians, about 2,000 years ago.

Charateristics:

medium in height
brown-skinned
with dark eyes
flat noses and straight black hair

They drove the Indonesians into the forest and lived in the lowlands.

they were mnore civilized that Indonesians.
they livedf in lrger villages
had government, writing, music, arts and sciences.
they lived by agriculture, fishing, mining and trading.

Maragtas - a legend decribing the coming of the malays

it tells how the first ten Malay datus left Borneo and came to Panay. They bought the land from Negritos and settled to other islnds. Datu Puti led the Malay datus, and Marikudo led the Atis. This legend is now celerated in the famous "ati-atihan" fieats and dance.

1.1.5 Legends and Fairy Tales

Imgainary stories tol by old foloks to little children to keep them interested in their past.

1.1.5.1 The Story of Malakas and Maganda

"Long, long ago, after the land was formed as a result of the war betwween the sea anf the sky, the clever bird, which incited the war. flew ashore. It landed on a bamboo plant in order to rest. While resting it happened to peck the bamboo. Suddenly, the bamboo split apart. Out of the first half of the bamboo came handsome man (MALAKAS - the first man in the world), and out of the second half came a beautiful woman (MAGANDA - the first woman in the world). They got married. Many children were born to them. From these children came the Filipinos."

1.1.5.2 The Story of the Brown People

This story tells about God to whom moulded the clay into male and female figures and baked them over a slow fire. Since, he didn't kow how to bake, the first figures turned out too black because they got burned.
Second attempt was making another pair of figure because the Creator seems not happy about his first try. thistime, he became too cautious and took away the clay figures before they could be cooked properly. He was upset to see that the second set of figures were whire coz they were underbake.
For the third time, God moulded another set and put them on the fire. now that he had had practiced and knew perfectly what color of people he wanted. When the color of the clay figures turned brown; he stopped baking and was very happy with his work.
Then He breathed life into all baked clay figuers.